Exploring the Atmosphere: From Troposphere to Exosphere
### 1. Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 20.8% oxygen, 0.8% argon, 0.4% water vapor, and small amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. 99% of the atmosphere's mass is concentrated within the surface (0-40 km).
From 0 to 80 km altitude, the atmosphere is homogeneous, with a consistent distribution of air composition regardless of height. Above this, the heterosphere exhibits varying composition distributions.
### 2. Structure of the Atmosphere
#### 1) Troposphere (0-11 km)
This layer extends up to about 11 km from the Earth's surface. The temperature decreases with altitude, and weather phenomena mainly occur in this layer.
#### 2) Stratosphere (11-50 km)
(1) Lower Stratosphere
Up to an altitude of 25 km, the temperature remains constant due to the presence of the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
(2) Upper Stratosphere
As altitude increases, the temperature rises, while density and pressure begin to decrease.
#### 3) Mesosphere (50-80 km)
In this layer, the temperature decreases with altitude, making it the coldest part of the atmosphere.
#### 4) Thermosphere (80-300 km)
In this layer, the temperature rises with altitude, and the air becomes thin. The ionosphere exists here, where ultraviolet radiation from the sun ionizes the atmosphere, increasing the density of free electrons. The aurora phenomena observed in polar regions occur in this layer.
#### 5) Exosphere (300-500 km)
The air density becomes extremely thin, reducing the likelihood of air molecule collisions. In some cases, air molecules may escape Earth's gravity.
### 3. Structure of a Wing
Explanation of wing structure in cross-section:
The leading edge refers to the front part of the wing, while the trailing edge is the streamlined rear tip of the wing. The chord line is a straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges. The mean camber line connects the midpoints of the wing's thickness. Camber is expressed as the distance from the chord line to the mean camber line as a ratio of the chord line. Air flows over the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. The current wing shape was proposed in the 1920s by Clark Y and Professor Max Munk's M-6.
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